Rivers are the most important landforms on the ground whose analysis is known as a useful tool in tectonic surveys in several thousands to two million years ago. The Ghezel Ozan River, the longest river system in the country, has responded to tectonic deformation thoroughly. Detection and characterization of geomorphic anomalies in the Ghezel Ozan River and correlation with structures can specify the role of structures in making active deformations. The intense and sudden deflection in the river course, the abnormal changes in the river sinuosity and knick points upon longitudinal profile of the river are the geomorphic anomalies connected to the structures. Deflection of the river course and abnormal changes in the river sinuosity are identified on the satellite images and approved through field observations. Knick points are specified upon longitudinal profiles of the river and the effects of lithology are surveyed in making of them٫ so that only knick points are considered which are produced by structures. Longitudinal profiles of the river have been obtained from digital elevation model. Above mentioned anomalies then have been correlated with structures extracted from geology maps and in this manner structures effective in making geomorphic anomalies have been identified. The study region is located in Sanandaj–Sirjan, Centeral Iran and Western Alborz zones. Around the Ghezel Ozan River, marl, sandstone, siltstone, limestone, tuff, agglomerate and volcanic rocks are extremely exposed. These rocks belong to Qom, Upper Red, Lower Red and karaj formations. Deflection of the Ghezel Ozan River is surveyed in the regions of Kuh-e-Palangi, Jelovdarlou, Cham and Yengejeh. Abnormal changes in river sinuosity is studied in regions of Jomaelou, Gol gheshlagh, Armoutlou, Kuh-e-Qaravol, Ghaflankuh and Kuh-e-Pajdar. In the regions of Sharif Abad, Iemir, Kuh-e-Qaravol and Kuh-e-Pajdar, knick points are specified upon longitudinal profile of the Ghezel Ozan River. The obtained results show that folds with trends of NW–SE and NE–SW have the highest influence on deflection of the course of the Ghezel Ozan River. The other geomorphic anomalies produced by faults with trends of NW–SE, NE–SW, N-S and E-W especially in instances that faults with trends of NW–SE and NE–SW have intersected. Thus, the most active structural trends in around of the Ghezel Ozan River are trends of NW–SE, NE–SW, N-S and E-W which correlate with trends of fractures in basement of Iran. In this way active folds and faults are identified in the area.

Providing water for the inhabitants of the plateau of Iran, which is located in the arid and semi-arid region of the earth, has always been one of the most important challenges for the its people since the beginning of the formation of the first dynasties and establishing the first irrigation systems. Low rainfall climate has caused the Iranian people to innovate different techniques to provide water for agriculture activities permanently. Iranians are considered as the main creators of Kariz (subground aqueduct) as one of the most practical methods of exploiting underground water resources. Exploitation of running water resources by construction of dams on rivers and springs and the creation of canals is another method rooted in the history of the civilizations of the west Asia for supplying more sustainable water for the agricultural and industrial functions. In the specific and under investigation area of the Pulvar River, where the Achaemenid capital of Pasargadae is located, there are some of the ancient water structures including dams, artificial waterways, canals, extensive water reservoirs and springs. Of theses the dams are mostly built on the tributaries of the Pulvar River, and the water supplying canals are located below them. Such complex structures have been built in the plains and districts surrounding Pasargadae such as Didegan, Murghab, Sarpiran, Kamin and Arsanjan. The present investigation briefly introduces these water structures and the techniques they were made in the Achaemenid period in the cultural landscape of Pasargadae. The results of this research are based on the studying historical documents and field studies of the past decades by historians and archaeologists, as well as field surveys by the author during the recent years in an area of nearly 16, 000 square kilometers. The results of this research are amazing and very impressive. These extensive water systems, with the tact and intelligence of Achaemenid managers and engineers, have supplied water to all the plains and mountain valleys of the Pasargadae region. Villages and public settlements, gardens, agricultural lands, government buildings and centers, and finally the Royal Paradise of Cyrus the Great used of the benefits of water supply structures. In the construction of the dams, clay materials and ashlar or carved stone masonries have been applied, and some of them also have architectural structures with cut stone blocks. Waterways are also created in several ways on the slopes of hills and rocks. Studies and researches show that the construction of water structures in the study area began during the reign of Cyrus the Great and expanded during the reign of Darius the Great and continued to develop until the end of the Achaemenid period. This method of exploiting surface of sub ground water resources continues to post-Achaemenid periods, especially in the Sassanid era and continues till modern times. Introduction It is for the first time that in this era, a tremendous transformation in Iranian architecture occurred by mixing the traditions of architecture and art with the traditions of other nations that came under the umbrella of the Achaemenid government. The builders of Pasargad, in order to establish a new capital that can have a correct concept of a powerful and magnificent government center and also bring the comfort of its residents, beyond the plain of Pasargad, investigated and assessed the feasibility of all the surrounding plains, and after That Pasargad was designed and built What can be concluded from these structures is that Pasargad was not limited to the complex of royal buildings whose remains remain in the center of the Pasargad plain, and it correctly had the concept of an official and advanced capital. A wide range of infrastructures that a government center like Pasargad needs has been identified in a wide area of Pasargad plain and the surrounding plains, which is a proof of how Pasargad was built and founded. An important part of the aforementioned infrastructures is the vast collection of water structures that were designed and built in the ancient territory of Pasargad. One of the most important plans of the Achaemenid government was to deal with the water issue, which the Shah and the administrative organization had taken over the management of (Brian, 1985: 1985). In the upcoming research, an attempt has been made to introduce the Achaemenid water structures of Pasargad region and its impact on the construction and development of Pasargad. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Pasargad World Heritage Site also conducted a field survey in the Pasargad Plain and the surrounding plains (Karami and Zarei 2015), and in this research, several dams and extensive water supply networks were identified (Map 1). In the fall of 2019, from the first season of the exploration of Didegan Dam (Bostan Khani) was done and parts of the architectural structure of the dam and its wall and foundation were explored and researched, which resulted in valuable results (Karami, 2019, unpublished). Introduction of Water Structures and Their Function The extent and variety of Achaemenid works and sites in the territory of the Achaemenid Empire shows the intelligence and management ability of the Achaemenid government in the administration of the country in all fields, looking at the capabilities of the territory and the environment and paying attention to the culture and social capital of the various regions of the empire, which can be seen in He searched for historical documents and remains of Achaemenid works and sites. The Effort to Manage the Country is More Visible in the Important Achaemenid Centers In Pasargad, which is our focus in this research, various aspects of art and culture, architecture, government infrastructure, engineering and public settlements have been revealed and can clarify some of the unknowns. Whenever the name of Pasargad is mentioned, the collection of royal buildings and especially the tomb of Cyrus, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, is remembered in our thoughts. But the Achaemenid capital of Pasargad is much wider and beyond the current area What we see today is the result of the knowledge and efforts that the engineers and builders of Pasargad have applied in a wide area of this area and have created a set of structures and infrastructures that meet the needs of the ruling center of Pasargad. One of the most important remaining infrastructures is the set of water structures that were created in the ancient landscape of Pasargad in several plains centered on Pasargad. However, metal and building stone quarries, metal smelting workshops, road networks, bridges, security checkpoints and support centers are other parts of the infrastructure works in Pasargad (Karami & Zarei, 2015). The concept of the ancient landscape of Pasargad can be considered for all the hills and heights around Pasargad, where the Achaemenid works and sites are directly related to the government site of Pasargad. The extent of this ancient area can be considered to be nearly 16, 000 square kilometers based on archaeological surveys and researches, which according to country divisions includes the cities of Euclid, Khorrambid, Bowanat, Sarchehan, Pasargad, Arsanjan and Maroodasht from north to south. Pelvar River is the only permanent river in this area, the formation of settlement patterns of the first settlements from the Middle Paleolithic period until now is dependent on this river (Map 2). Conclusion The historical water structures of Pasargad and Persepolis are among the most prominent and valuable works left over from the Achaemenid era, which are located in the Bakhtegan and Tashk watersheds. The two main catchment rivers, Pelvar and Kor, form one of the basins in which the water from the rains in the highlands and plains flows into them in the form of flowing water and under the surface. Due to the presence of two important Achaemenid centers of Pasargad and Persepolis in this basin and the need to provide water for them in the headwaters of these rivers, especially the Pelvar River, several reservoirs and diversion dams have been built with the aim of exploiting surface water resources And extensive waterways and water supply networks have also been established These structures include dams, waterways and water distribution networks, springs and reservoirs, and stone architectural structures for water distribution. The embankments are made of earth in the form of a hard clay core and a shell of stone debris and are mostly built on the heads of the branches, and the water roads are also on the slopes of Mahori hills and rocks and in the middle of the plains with two methods of accumulating soil and stone debris and excavating And the cutting of rocks has been created It seems that the Achaemenid engineers have selected the best and most efficient places for the construction of dams after investigating and studying the field of this basin. The mouth of mountain gorges through which seasonal rivers pass is the best place to build a dam Because the stone body of the valleys makes the dams stable and durable, and it has been easier and more reliable to contain and store the floods in the sub-branches. Due to the extent and shape of the catchment of this basin, the Pelvar river floods during rains and a large amount of water enters it, and it was not possible to control it for the Achaemenid engineers considering the facilities and technology of that era. Therefore, the best option for flood control is the construction of dams at the head of the branches and tributaries of Pelvar Also, it is easier to transfer the dams built at the head of the branches, which are located at a higher place than the plains and flat lands, and most of the downstream parts have benefited from the stored water. Apart from curbing seasonal floods, supplying water to settlements and residential areas, agricultural lands and gardens, providing water to Pasargad government grounds and especially Shahi Campus, as well as industrial uses and mills, are among the goals of building this vast complex of There have been water structures in this area The history of the construction of this set of water structures is related to the Achaemenid period, which, based on researches and archaeological documents, started from the beginning of the Achaemenid period and with the reign of Cyrus and expanded during the reign of Darius and was developed, maintained and exploited until the end of the Achaemenid period.

Sistan River is one of the main rivers in Sistan plain which has the various hydraulic structure built upon it. Parts of the river and its structures have been influenced by the entrance of sediments into the river’ s bed which are due to several reasons such as drought, extreme wind, and transportation of fine sediments. The research regions included the water entrance to Chahnime, Kohak dam, Zahak Dam, Sistan Dam, and Nohrab Bridge. In the first stage, the direction of the river in respect to dominant wind and the condition of shores facing wind are studied, and the natural and artificial obstacles, such as vegetation, natural heights, and buildings, which were in the path of the wind, were determined. In the second stage, soil texture, dry unit weight and soil coherence of shores facing wind were measured. Based on the research, the Sistan River direction was parallel, oblique, and perpendicular in respect to the dominant wind direction. The soil texture was mainly silty clay with gravel, loam, and loamy sand. However, the soil texture changed at the riversides to loam and silty loam. The liquid limit of the studied soils was lower than 25 with little soil coherence. The undrained shear strength of surface soils within the path of the river and its shores were determined less than 30 kPa. Also, the range of dry unit weight of soil in the studied area is between 1. 2gr/cmᶾ to 1. 3gr/cmᶾ and its vegetation indicated vegetation was lower than 20% near the engineering structures. The results of this study indicate that the, Kohak dam, the Sistan dam, and Nohrab bridge, have the most impact on erosion and transport of wind sediments.

Despite of many researches on bank erosion mechanism, there exists an incomplete understanding of one of the basic mechanisms governing sediment loading to streams which is namely erosion by concentrated lateral, subsurface flow which causes river bank failure after undercutting process and removing sediment into the river. The objective of this research is to study seepage erosion (piping) in river banks in two cases of presence of a cross structure (e.g. drainage pipes or gas transport pipes, …) and without cross structure by measuring the depth of undercutting hole induced by seepage erosion in sand layer with three different grain sizes under different hydraulic gradients in a laboratory flume. The results show that under equal hydraulic gradients length of erosion hole depends on river bank sand layer grain size and presence of cross structures.

Grade control structure (GCS) can be used to reduce erosion in river beds. They decrease the river bed scour by changing the flow regime and reducing its velocity. It is required to maintain the stability of these structures against the scour hole that generates downstream of them, so investigating the scour hole characteristics downstream of the GCS is inevitable. In the present research, the equilibrium scour holes downstream of GCS were investigated under three discharges (q=0.00467, 0.00583, 0.00700 m3/s.m) and two different sedimentation conditions (d50=0.082, 1.6 mm). The results show that in the constant GCS geometry and finer sediment, the maximum scour depth (ds) and maximum scour hole length (ls) increase. In the same sedimentary conditions and different geometry, when the slope of the GCS downstream face varied from 90° to 60°, ds increases, but ls decreases. Also, the hydraulic jump forms on the scour hole at high flow intensity, which has an essential influence on the geometry of the equilibrium scour hole. Comparison of ds/Hc between the present study and Ben Meftah and Mossa (2020) has R2=0.891 and RE=10.66%, which reveals acceptable compatibility between the present study results and previous ones.

This study focuses on the investigation of intelligent form-finding and vibration analysis of a triangular polyhedral tensegrity that is enclosed within a sphere and subjected to external loads. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the system are derived using the Lagrangian approach and the finite element method. The proposed form-finding approach, which is based on a basic genetic algorithm, can determine regular or irregular tensegrity shapes without dimensional constraints. Stable tensegrity structures are generated from random configurations and based on defined constraints (nodes located on the sphere, parallelism, and area of upper and lower surfaces), and shape finding is performed using the fitness function of the genetic algorithm and multi-objective optimization goals. The genetic algorithm's efficacy in determining the shape of structures with unpredictable configurations is evaluated in two distinct scenarios: one involving a known connection matrix and the other involving fixed or random member positions (struts and cables). The shapes obtained from the algorithm suggested in this study are validated using the force density approach, and their vibration characteristics are examined. The findings of the comparative study demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in determining the vibrational behavior of tensegrity structures through the utilization of intelligent shape seeking techniques.

Introduction: Alterations in river systems are inevitable and affect theenvironment. Rivers have played a very important role in creating and maintaining life on theearth since a long time ago. In other words, rivers are vital for sustaining life and ecosystems,providing essential freshwater for irrigation, drinking, and industry. However, humaninterventions including changes in land use patterns, construction near rivers, exploitation ofwater resources, and flood and storm management have significantly impacted on these crucialenvironmental systems. They can actually alter the spatial distribution and velocity ofgeomorphological processes such as sediment transport, erosion, and deposition, consequentlyleading to significant changes in river morphology. Therefore, assessing their morphologicalquality is important for their management and restoration. In this study, morphologicalassessment from the upstream to the midstream of the Talar River as a pilot has been conductedusing the Morphological Quality Index (MQI) to evaluate the morphological status.Material and Methods: First, Talar River was divided into two landscape units, three segmentsand 23 reaches based on the hierarchical approach and according to the physiographiccondition. Then, geomorphological functionality, artificial structure and Indicators of channeladjustment have been assessed by MQI which includes 28 parameters.Results and Discussion: The results obtained from 28 MQI parameters in 23 reaches showedthat about 15% of the reaches have a "good" condition; almost 35% have a "moderate"condition, and more than 50% have "poor" and "very poor" conditions. Based on the assessmentalong the Talar river, the areas that are in the urban area due to the large amount of agriculture,urban development and road crossing have poor and very poor morphological quality class, andthe areas that are in the forest area are natural and have good morphological quality. Also, theresults of the assessment indicate that the average quality class of the investigated reaches is in"moderate" conditions.Conclusion: The results show that most reaches of Talar River requires urgent measures for itsrestoration. In addition, although the MQI method can be appropriate and effective tool indiagnosing hydromorphological challenges. However, it is not still enough for an integratedmanagement and restoration, and it should be integrated with other indices regarding humanpressures i.e. water quality, hydrological and biological pressures.

Zola River contains the most important fresh waters of West Azarbaijan province. The water surface of Urmia lake basin flows in this river. Sarnagh bridge is located on this river on the Sarnagh-Salmas road. Destructive flood event with high return time in river banks especially beside urban and rural residents cause many financial damages and life threats. So, exploring the river’s hydraulic behavior is essential. This study explored the Zola river bed and realm boundary and its floods bond affected by bridges structure. It studied the Zola River in Sarnagh road bridge position using HEC-RAS model. At first, using river 1:2000 scale topographic maps, ArcGIS software with HEC-Geo RAS extension, and HEC-RAS software, river discharge flow with 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 return time were analyzed for two scenarios. First scenario simulated the normal flow condition of the river and second one simulated the river flow, considering the effects of cross over structure of the bridge. The flow with 25 year return was used to model the design due to regional circumstances and controlled by 100 year return time flow, evaluating river bed extend before and after bridge structures. The results showed that narrow flow in bridge place causes flow reduction, flow reversal, deposition in upstream, as well as increase in the flow, erosion and foaming in the downstream of the bridge, which necessitates a bed stabilization structure.

Accumulation of debris along with water flow in waterways causes irreparable problems every year. Structural methods are one of the most effective ways to reduce the risks of debris flow. In this study, the efficiency of the debris structure was investigated using flow pattern deflectors to increase the deposition retention efficiency and its effect on backwater and rapid collection of wood debris after the flood. To do this research, three different geometries of the rack, a debris mixture and three flow deflector sizes were used in the laboratory. According to the results, the best performance of the rack, despite the flow deflectors was related to the regular linear descaler with 97% efficiency and backwater was completely affected by the flow Froude Number. The V-shaped reverse rack had the lowest backwater rate of 2. 55%, that is not significant. In this study, the length of the debris carpet and the maximum height of the middle mound produced for the rack geometry were investigated. The results showed that the deflector installation led to a change in the geometry of the deposited accumulation which also accelerates the debris collection operation after the flood.